Policies | Climate Policy Database

Filters

Country

Decision date

Impact

High: Policies identified by national experts to have high potential to reduce greenhouse emissions.

Unclear: Policies with unclear impact due to lack of quantifiable indicators or policy stringency.

Unknown: Policies which impact has not been analysed.

Status

Jurisdiction

Policy objective

Mitigation area

Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency: Policies that indirectly reduce energy demand by supporting activity changes (e.g. reducing material use in manufacturing industries or developing urban planning strategies to minimize transport needs).

Energy efficiency: Policies that reduce energy consumption in the different sectors. It includes both framing policies which a goal to reduce energy consumption, such as energy efficiency targets, as well as policy options that support energy reductions.

Renewables: Policies that support the development of renewable technologies. This support might take a direct form, via subsidies or loans, or indirect e.g. by developing grid infrastructure technology, that support the integration of high share of variable electricity generation technologies.

Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch: Policies that tackle the uptake of non-renewable low-carbon technologies and options that impose limitations on the use of emissions-intensive technologies, e.g. coal- and oil-fuelled technologies.

Non-energy: Policies that reduce non-energy related emissions. For example, policies to reduce fugitive emissions in fossil fuel production or process-related industrial emissions.

Sector

General: Cross-sectoral policies or policies that apply to any sector and that provide framing for or enable the implementation of other sectoral policies.

Electricity and heat: Policies related to energy supply and enabling infrastructure. This sector does not include policies related to mitigation of fossil fuel exploration and production.

Industry: Policies covering both energy-generation for own use and process-related emissions. This sector also includes other policies related to other non-energy emissions.

Land transport: Policies related to all modes of land transportation and infrastructure programmes that might reduce transport needs (e.g. urban planning).

Buildings: Policies that target energy-use in buildings. It also includes urban planning strategies outlining the strategy for retrofits.

Agriculture and forestry: Policies aiming to increase sustainable practice in agriculture and those targeting better forest management. Policies associated with sustainability standards for biomass used as a source for biofuels in other sectors are also included in this sector.

Agriculture and forestry
- Agricultural CH4
- Agricultural CO2
- Agricultural N2O
- Forestry
Buildings
- Appliances
- Construction
- Heating and cooling
- Hot water and cooking
Electricity and heat
- CCS
- Coal
- Gas
- Nuclear
- Oil
- Renewables
General
Industry
- Fluorinated gases
- Fossil fuel exploration and production
- Industrial energy related
- Industrial N2O
- Industrial process CO2
- Negative emissions
- Waste CH4
Transport
- Air
- Heavy-duty vehicles
- Light-duty vehicles
- Low-emissions mobility
- Rail
- Shipping

Policy instrument

Policy instruments provide a link between desired policy outcomes and implementation. The term refers to instruments used to put the policy in practice, e.g. subsidies or carbon pricing. The complete list of policy instrument options is provided in the About this analysis.

Barrier removal
- Grid access and priority for renewables
- Net metering
- Removal of fossil fuel subsidies
- Removal of split incentives (landlord tenant problem)
Climate strategy
- Coordinating body for climate strategy
- Formal & legally binding climate strategy
- Political & non-binding climate strategy
Economic instruments
- Direct investment
  - Funds to sub-national governments
  - Infrastructure investments
  - Procurement rules
  - RD&D funding
- Fiscal or financial incentives
  - CO2 taxes
  - Energy and other taxes
  - Feed-in tariffs or premiums
  - Grants and subsidies
  - Loans
  - Retirement premium
  - Tax relief
  - Tendering schemes
  - User charges
- Market-based instruments
  - GHG emission reduction crediting and offsetting mechanism
  - GHG emissions allowances
  - Green certificates
  - White certificates
Information and education
- Advice or aid in implementation
- Information provision
- Performance label
  - Comparison label
  - Endorsement label
- Professional training and qualification
Policy support
- Institutional creation
- Strategic planning
Regulatory Instruments
- Auditing
- Codes and standards
  - Building codes and standards
  - Industrial air pollution standards
  - Product standards
  - Sectoral standards
  - Vehicle air pollution standards
  - Vehicle fuel-economy and emissions standards
- Monitoring
- Obligation schemes
- Other mandatory requirements
Research & Development and Deployment (RD&D)
- Demonstration project
- Research programme
  - Technology deployment and diffusion
  - Technology development
Target
- Energy efficiency target
  - Formal & legally binding energy efficiency target
  - Political & non-binding energy efficiency target
- GHG reduction target
  - Formal & legally binding GHG reduction target
  - Political & non-binding GHG reduction target
- Renewable energy target
  - Formal & legally binding renewable energy target
  - Political & non-binding renewable energy target
Voluntary approaches
- Negotiated agreements (public-private sector)
- Public voluntary schemes
- Unilateral commitments (private sector)

Keywords

Policies (6507)

Last update: 01/04/2025

Download policies

Policy name	Sector	Policy type	Country	Decision date
Nationally Determined Contribution - NDC	General	Energy efficiency Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency Non-energy use Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch Renewables	Iraq	2021
Renewable energy auction	Electricity and heat	Renewables	Iraq	2016
Intended Nationally Determined Contribution - INDC	General	Energy efficiency Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency Non-energy use Other low-carbon technologies and fuel switch Renewables	Iraq	2015
Integrated National Energy Strategy	Electricity and heat Renewables General	Renewables	Iraq	2014
Oil and gas corporate tax	Industry	Energy service demand reduction and resource efficiency Non-energy use	Iraq	2013

Download policies

Afghanistan
Åland Islands
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, the Democratic Republic of the
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Curaçao
Cyprus
Czechia
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
European Union
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Territories
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Holy See (Vatican City State)
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestinian Territory, Occupied
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Réunion
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin (French part)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Taiwan, Province of China
Tajikistan
Tanzania, United Republic of
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States Minor Outlying Islands
United States of America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Viet Nam
Virgin Islands, British
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Wallis and Futuna
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Browse policies